Chapter 6: Styling

6.1. Styling SVG content using CSS

Elements in an SVG document can be styled using CSS. Most visual characteristics and some aspects of element geometry are controlled using CSS properties. For example, the fill property controls the paint used to fill the inside of a shape, and the width and height properties are used to control the size of a rect element.

SVG user agents must support all of the CSS styling mechanisms described in this chapter.

In SVG 1.1, support for inline style sheets using the style element and style was not required. In SVG 2, these are required.

6.2. Inline style sheets: the ‘style’ element

SVG 2 Requirement: Add HTML5 ‘style’ element attributes to SVG's style element.
Resolution: SVG 2 ‘style’ element shall be aligned with the HTML5 ‘style’ element.
Purpose: To not surprise authors with different behavior for the ‘style’ element in HTML and SVG content.
Owner: Cameron (ACTION-3277)

The style element allows style sheets to be embedded directly within SVG content. SVG's style element has the same attributes as the corresponding element in HTML.

style
Categories:
Never-rendered element
Content model:
Character data.
Attributes:
DOM Interfaces:

Attribute definitions:

Name Value Initial value Animatable
type (see below) text/css no

This attribute specifies the style sheet language of the element's contents, as a media type. [rfc2046]. If the attribute is not specified, then the style sheet language is assumed to be CSS.

Name Value Initial value Animatable
media (see below) all no

This attribute specifies a media query that must be matched for the style sheet to apply. Its value is parsed as a media_query_list. If not specified, the style sheet applies unconditionally.

Name Value Initial value Animatable
title (see below) (none) no

This attribute specifies a title for the style sheet, which is used when exposing and selecting between alternate style sheets. The attribute takes any value.

The semantics and processing of a style and its attributes must be the same as is defined for the HTML ‘style’ element.

The style sheet's text content is never directly rendered; the display value for the style element must always be set to none by the user agent style sheet, and this declaration must have importance over any other CSS rule or presentation attribute.

6.3. External style sheets: the effect of the HTML ‘link’ element

An HTML ‘link’ element in an SVG document (that is, an element in the HTML namespace with local name "link") with its ‘rel’ attribute set to 'stylesheet' must be processed as defined in the HTML specification and cause external style sheets to be loaded and applied to the document. Such elements in HTML documents outside of an inline SVG fragment must also apply to the SVG content.

Because the element is required to be in the HTML namespace, it is not possible for an HTML ‘link’ element to be parsed as part of an inline SVG fragment in a text/html document. However, when parsing an SVG document using XML syntax, XML namespace declarations can be used to place the element in the HTML namespace.

Note that an alternative way to reference external style sheets without using the HTML ‘link’ element is to use an @import rule in an inline style sheet. For example:

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <style>
    @import url(mystyles.css);
  </style>
  <rect .../>
</svg>

would behave similarly to:

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <link xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" rel="stylesheet" href="mystyles.css" type="text/css"/>
  <rect .../>
</svg>

Or, in XML documents, external CSS style sheets may be included using the <?xml-stylesheet?> processing instruction [xml-stylesheet].

6.4. Style sheets in HTML documents

When an SVG style or an HTML ‘style’ element is used in an HTML document, those style sheets must apply to all HTML and inline SVG content in the document. Similarly, any HTML ‘style’ element used in an SVG document must also apply its style sheet to the document.

6.5. Element-specific styling: the ‘class’ and ‘style’ attributes

As with HTML, SVG supports the class and style attributes on all elements to support element-specific styling.

Attribute definitions:

Name Value Initial value Animatable
class set of space-separated tokens [HTML] (none) yes

The class attribute assigns one or more class names to an element, which can then be used for addressing by the styling language.

Name Value Initial value Animatable
style (see below) (none) no

The style attribute is used to supply a CSS declaration of an element. The attribute is parsed as a declaration-list.

Aside from the way that the class attribute is reflected in the SVG DOM (in the className IDL attribute on SVGElement), the semantics and behavior of the class and style attributes must be the same as that for the corresponding attributes in HTML.

In the following example, the text element is used in conjunction with the class attribute to markup document messages. Messages appear in both English and French versions.

<!-- English messages -->
<text class="info" lang="en">Variable declared twice</text>
<text class="warning" lang="en">Undeclared variable</text>
<text class="error" lang="en">Bad syntax for variable name</text>
<!-- French messages -->
<text class="info" lang="fr">Variable déclarée deux fois</text>
<text class="warning" lang="fr">Variable indéfinie</text>
<text class="error" lang="fr">Erreur de syntaxe pour variable</text>

The following CSS style rules would tell visual user agents to display informational messages in green, warning messages in yellow, and error messages in red:

text.info    { fill: green; }
text.warning { fill: yellow; }
text.error   { fill: red; }

This example shows how the style attribute can be used to style text elements similarly to the previous example:

<text style="fill: green;" lang="en">Variable declared twice</text>
<text style="fill: yellow;" lang="en">Undeclared variable</text>
<text style="fill: red;" lang="en">Bad syntax for variable name</text>

6.6. Presentation attributes

Some styling properties can be specified not only in style sheets and style attributes, but also in presentation attributes. These are attributes whose name matches (or is similar to) a given CSS property and whose value is parsed as a value of that property. Presentation attributes contribute to the author level of the cascade, followed by all other author-level style sheets, and have specificity 0.

Since presentation attributes are parsed as CSS values, not declarations, an !important declaration within a presentation attribute will cause it to have an invalid value. See Attribute syntax for details on how presentation attributes are parsed.

Not all style properties that can affect SVG rendering have a corresponding presentation attribute. Other attributes (which happen to share the name of a style property) must not be parsed as a presentation attribute and must not affect CSS cascading and inheritance. Also, only elements in the SVG namespace support presentation attributes. Most SVG presentation attributes may be specified on any element in the SVG namespace where there is not a name clash with an existing attribute. However, the geometry properties only have equivalent presentation attributes on designated elements. Attributes of the same name on other elements must not affect CSS cascading and inheritance.

Except as noted in the table for the transform presentation attributes, the presentation attribute name is the same as the property name, in lower-case letters.

Properties with a presentation attribute Elements that support the presentation attribute
cx, cy circle and ellipse
height, width, x, y foreignObject, image, rect, svg, symbol, and use
r circle
rx, ry ellipse and rect
d path
fill Any element in the SVG namespace except for animation elements, which have a different fill attribute.
transform For historical reasons, the transform property gets represented by different presentation attributes depending on the SVG element it applies to:
transform
Any element in the SVG namespace with the exception of the pattern, linearGradient and radialGradient elements.
patternTransform
pattern. patternTransform gets mapped to the transform CSS property [css-transforms-1].
gradientTransform
linearGradient and radialGradient elements. gradientTransform gets mapped to the transform CSS property [css-transforms-1].
alignment-baseline, baseline-shift, clip-path, clip-rule, color, color-interpolation, color-interpolation-filters, cursor, direction, display, dominant-baseline, fill-opacity, fill-rule, filter, flood-color, flood-opacity, font-family, font-size, font-size-adjust, font-stretch, font-style, font-variant, font-weight, glyph-orientation-horizontal, glyph-orientation-vertical, image-rendering, letter-spacing, lighting-color, marker-end, marker-mid, marker-start, mask, mask-type, opacity, overflow, paint-order, pointer-events, shape-rendering, stop-color, stop-opacity, stroke, stroke-dasharray, stroke-dashoffset, stroke-linecap, stroke-linejoin, stroke-miterlimit, stroke-opacity, stroke-width, text-anchor, text-decoration, text-overflow, text-rendering, transform-origin, unicode-bidi, vector-effect, visibility, white-space, word-spacing, writing-mode Any element in the SVG namespace.

Note that ‘cx’, ‘cy’, ‘r’, ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’ and ‘height’ attributes are not always presentation attributes. For example, the x attribute on text and tspan is not a presentation attribute for the x property, and the r attribute on a radialGradient is not a presentation attribute for the r property.

In the future, any new properties that apply to SVG content will not gain presentation attributes. Therefore, authors are suggested to use styling properties, either through inline style properties or style sheets, rather than presentation attributes, for styling SVG content.

Animation of presentation attributes is equivalent to animating the corresponding property.

6.7. Required properties

The following properties must be supported by all SVG user agents:

6.8. User agent style sheet

The following user agent style sheet must be applied in all SVG user agents.

@namespace url(http://www.w3.org/2000/svg);
@namespace xml url(http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace);

svg:not(:root), image, marker, pattern, symbol { overflow: hidden; }

*:not(svg),
*:not(foreignObject) > svg {
  transform-origin: 0 0;
}

*[xml|space=preserve] {
  text-space-collapse: preserve-spaces;
}

defs,
clipPath, mask, marker,
desc, title, metadata,
pattern, linearGradient, radialGradient,
script, style,
symbol {
  display: none !important;
}
:host(use) > symbol {
  display: inline !important;
}
:link, :visited {
  cursor: pointer;
}

In addition, all interactive user agents are required to apply distinctive styles to the :focus pseudo-class (normally using the outline property) and the ::selection pseudo-element (using an appropriate highlighting technique, such as redrawing the selected glyphs with inverse colors).

An !important rule in a user agent stylesheet over-rides all user and author styles [css-cascade-4]. The display value for never-rendered elements and for symbol elements can therefore not be changed. A symbol must only be rendered if it is the direct child of a shadow root whose host is a use element (and must always be rendered if the host use element is rendered). The other elements, and their child content, are never rendered directly.

CSS Transforms defines that the initial value for transform-origin is 50% 50%. Since elements in SVG must, by default, transform around their origin at (0, 0), transform-origin is overridden and set to a default value of 0 0 for all SVG elements (except for root svg elements and svg elements that are the child of a foreignObject element or an element in a non-SVG namespace; these elements must transform around their center). [css-transforms-1]

The OpenType specification requires an additional user agent style sheet to be applied when processing [OPENTYPE]. It is as follows:

@namespace svg url(http://www.w3.org/2000/svg);

svg|text, svg|foreignObject {
  display: none !important;
}

:root {
  fill: context-fill;
  fill-opacity: context-fill-opacity;
  stroke: context-stroke;
  stroke-opacity: context-stroke-opacity;
  stroke-width: context-value;
  stroke-dasharray: context-value;
  stroke-dashoffset: context-value;
}

The context-fill and context-stroke keywords are as defined in this specification, where the context element for a font glyph is the corresponding text content element. The other keywords are as defined in the OpenType specification, and ensure that the style values from the text content element are propagated to the font glyphs, with appropriate adjustments for the change in the coordinate system [OPENTYPE].

6.9. Required CSS features

Besides the features described above, the following CSS features must be also supported in SVG user agents:

6.10. DOM interfaces

6.10.1. Interface SVGStyleElement

An SVGStyleElement object represents a style element in the DOM.

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGStyleElement : SVGElement {
  attribute DOMString type;
  attribute DOMString media;
  attribute DOMString title;
};

SVGStyleElement includes LinkStyle;

The type, media and title IDL attributes reflect the type, media and title content attributes, respectively.