Chapter 14: Paint Servers: Solid Colors, Gradients, Patterns and Hatches

14.1. Introduction

This section covers Paint Servers, a method which allows the fill or stroke of an object to be defined by a resource found elsewhere. It allows resources to be reused throughout a document. See the section Painting: Filling and Stroking for a general discussion of filling and stroking objects.

SVG defines several types of paint servers:

• Solid colors,
• Gradients,
• Patterns,
• Hatches.

Three types of paint servers. From left to right: A solid color ("MyLightPurple"). A linear gradient. A pattern.

Paint servers are used by including a URL reference in a fill or stroke property (i.e. fill="url(#MyLightPurple)").

properties inherit into a paint-server element from its ancestors; properties do not inherit from the element referencing the paint server element.

Paint-server elements are never rendered directly; their only usage is as something that can be referenced using the fill and stroke properties. The display value for these elements must always be set to none by the user agent style sheet, and this declaration must have importance over any other CSS rule or presentation attribute. Paint-server elements are available for referencing even when the display property on the paint-server element or any of its ancestors is set to none.

14.1.1. Using paint servers as templates

Most paint server elements accept an ‘href’ attribute, which can be used to define a compatible paint server element as a template. Attributes defined for the template element are used instead of the initial value if corresponding attributes are not specified on the current element. Furthermore, if the current element does not have any child content other than descriptive elements, than the child content of the template element is cloned to replace it.

Templating can be indirect to an arbitrary level (subject to security limits on external file resources, which can make a reference invalid). Thus, if the referenced template element does not have relevant child content or does not define the specified attribute, then the attribute value or cloned content is derived from another element referenced by the template's own ‘href’ attribute.

The description of each ‘href’ attribute in this chapter defines the limits of the templating process, as follows:

• What type of element is a valid target for the reference
• Which attributes are duplicated from the template

If any of the specified attributes are not defined on the current element, or if the current element has no child elements other than descriptive elements, the user agent must process the URL to identify the referenced resource. If the URL reference is not invalid, then the URL's target element is used as the template element, as follows:

• For any of the specified attributes not defined on the current element, the user agent must determine the value of the attribute for the template element and use it as the value for the current element. The template value is derived from recursive cross-references if required. The initial value for the attribute is only substituted after all valid URL references are exhausted.

• If the current element has no child elements other than descriptive elements, the user agent must generate a shadow tree for this element, which must behave equivalently to a use-element shadow tree, except that the host is the current paint server element. The corresponding elements for the element instances cloned into the shadow tree are:

  • the child content of the template element, if it has child elements other than descriptive elements,
  • the corresponding elements that are used, or would be used, to generate the template element's own shadow tree, otherwise.

When a paint-server element has a shadow tree, the element instances in that tree must be used in rendering the paint server effect, as if they were the paint server element's own children.

The use-element shadow tree model for templating allows cloned content to inherit different styles than the original. This behavior is newly defined in SVG 2; SVG 1.1 did not define how styles applied to inherited paint server content.

14.2. Solid colors

Solid Colors are new in SVG 2 (ported from SVG 1.2 Tiny).

The 'solidcolor' element is a paint server that provides a single color with opacity. It can be referenced any place a single color can be used. The 'solidcolor' element allows a palette to be defined and used consistently throughout a document. It is also useful as away of animating a palette colors. (See CSS3 Color for a more general discussion of color [css3-color].)

In SVG 1.1, 1-stop gradients can be used to to produce a palette. This method for creating a palette fails, however, when a palette color is to be used for a gradient stop, a flood-fill, etc.

Solid colors are defined by a ‘solidcolor’ element.

14.2.1. Properties

‘solid-color’

The solid-color property specifies the color of the ‘solidcolor’. The keyword currentColor and ICC colors can be specified in the same manner as within a <paint> specification for the fill and stroke properties.

Value

currentColor | <color> <icccolor>

Initial

black

Applies to

solid-color elements

Inherited

no

Percentages

N/A

Media

visual

Animatable

yes

‘solid-opacity’

The solid-opacity property defines the opacity of the ‘solidcolor’. The value of 'solid-opacity' is independent of the opacity used to render the paint via fill or stroke.

Value

<number> | <percentage>

Initial

1

Applies to

solid-color elements

Inherited

no

Percentages

N/A

Media

visual

Animatable

yes

<number>

The opacity of the solid-color. Any values outside the range 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque) must be clamped to this range.

<percentage>

The opacity of the solid-color expressed as a percentage of the range 0 to 1.

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
     viewBox="0 0 300 100" >

  <title>Example solidColor</title>
  <desc>Fill objects using a solidColor paint server.</desc>

  <defs>
    <solidColor id="MyLightPurple" solid-color="#a080ff" solid-opacity="0.5"/>
  </defs>

  <!-- The shapes are filled using a solidColor paint server -->
  <circle fill="url(#MyLightPurple)" cx="50" cy="50" r="40"/>
  <rect   fill="url(#MyLightPurple)" x="110" y="10" width="80" height="80"/>
  <path   fill="url(#MyLightPurple)" d="m 250 10 l 40 80 -80 0 z"/>
</svg>

Example solidcolor.svg

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

14.3. Gradients

Gradients consist of smooth color transitions between points on a drawing surface. SVG provides for three types of gradients:

• linear gradients,
• radial gradients,
• mesh gradients.

Once a gradient is defined, a graphics element can be filled or stroked with the gradient by setting the fill or stroke properties to reference the gradient.

Color transitions for linear and radial gradients are defined by a series of color stops along a gradient vector. A gradient normal defines how the colors in a vector are painted to the surface. For a linear gradient, a normal is a line perpendicular to the vector. For a radial gradient, a normal is a circle intersecting the vector at a right angle. Each gradient normal is painted with one color determined by the vector.

Linear and radial gradients with the gradient vector indicated. The vector consists of three stops shown by small circles. One gradient normal is shown for each gradient.

For linear and radial gradients, the color value between two stops along the gradient vector is the linear interpolation, per channel, of the color for each stop, weighted by the distance from each stop.

    $V = C0.rgba + (C1.rgba - C0.rgba) * ((D - C0.offset) / (C1.offset - C0.offset));
  

Where, for each channel:

• V is the interpolated result for that channel
• C₀ is the stop color for the stop with the lowest offset
• O₀ is the offset of C₀
• C₁ is the other stop color
• O₁ is the offset of C₁
• D is the distance along the gradient vector

When a graphics element references a gradient, conceptually the graphics element should take a copy of the gradient vector with gradient normals and treat it as part of its own geometry. Any transformations applied to the graphics element geometry also apply to the copied gradient vector and gradient normals. Any gradient transforms that are specified on the reference gradient are applied before any graphics element transformations are applied to the gradient.

Color transitions for mesh gradients are defined by an array of color stops. The mapping of colors to the drawing surface in this case is done by geometric data located in the stops. This is discussed in detail in the mesh gradients section.

14.3.1. Definitions

gradient element

A gradient element is one that defines a gradient paint server. This specification defines the following gradient elements: ‘linearGradient’, ‘meshgradient’ and ‘radialGradient’.

14.3.2. Linear gradients

Linear gradients are defined by a ‘linearGradient’ element.

14.3.2.1. Attributes

Note that the ‘x1’,‘y1’, ‘x2’ and ‘y2’ attributes on a ‘linearGradient’ are not presentation attributes; the used value is not affected by CSS styles. The ‘gradientTransform’ attribute is a presentation attribute for the transform property.

gradientUnits

Defines the coordinate system for attributes ‘x1’, ‘y1’, ‘x2’ and ‘y2’.

Value

userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox

initial value

objectBoundingBox

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse", ‘x1’, ‘y1’, ‘x2’, and ‘y2’ represent values in the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the gradient element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the gradient element via a fill or stroke property) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘gradientTransform’. Percentages represent values relative to the current SVG viewport.

objectBoundingBox

If gradientUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for attributes ‘x1’, ‘y1’, ‘x2’ and ‘y2’ is established using the bounding box of the element to which the gradient is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘gradientTransform’. Percentages represent values relative to the bounding box for the object.

When gradientUnits="objectBoundingBox" and ‘gradientTransform’ is the identity matrix, the normal of the linear gradient is perpendicular to the gradient vector in object bounding box space (i.e., the abstract coordinate system where (0,0) is at the top/left of the object bounding box and (1,1) is at the bottom/right of the object bounding box). When the object's bounding box is not square, the gradient normal which is initially perpendicular to the gradient vector within object bounding box space may render non-perpendicular relative to the gradient vector in user space. If the gradient vector is parallel to one of the axes of the bounding box, the gradient normal will remain perpendicular. This transformation is due to application of the non-uniform scaling transformation from bounding box space to local coordinate system.

gradientTransform

Contains the definition of an optional additional transformation from the gradient coordinate system onto the target coordinate system (i.e., 'userSpaceOnUse' or 'objectBoundingBox'). This allows for things such as skewing the gradient. This additional transformation matrix is post-multiplied to (i.e., inserted to the right of) any previously defined transformations, including the implicit transformation necessary to convert from object bounding box units to local coordinate system.

Value

<transform-list>

initial value

identity transform

Animatable

yes

x1

‘x1’, ‘y1’, ‘x2’ and ‘y2’ define a gradient vector for the linear gradient. This gradient vector provides starting and ending points onto which the gradient stops are mapped. The values of ‘x1’, ‘y1’, ‘x2’ and ‘y2’ can be either numbers or percentages.

Value

<length>

initial value

0%

Animatable

yes

y1

See ‘x1’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0%

Animatable

yes

x2

See ‘x1’.

Value

<length>

initial value

100%

Animatable

yes

y2

See ‘x1’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0%

Animatable

yes

spreadMethod

Indicates what happens if the gradient starts or ends inside the bounds of the target rectangle.

Value

pad | reflect | repeat

initial value

pad

Animatable

yes

pad

Use the terminal colors of the gradient to fill the remainder of the target region.

reflect

Reflect the gradient pattern start-to-end, end-to-start, start-to-end, etc. continuously until the target rectangle is filled.

repeat

Repeat the gradient pattern start-to-end, start-to-end, start-to-end, etc. continuously until the target region is filled.

Illustration of the three possible values for spreadMethod, from left to right: pad, reflect, repeat. The gradient vector spans from 40% to 60% of the bounding box width.

href

A URL reference to a template gradient element; to be valid, the reference must be to a different ‘linearGradient’ or a ‘radialGradient’ element.

Refer to the process for using paint servers as templates, and to the common handling defined for URL reference attributes and deprecated XLink attributes.

The specified attributes that will be copied from the template are:

• ‘x1’
• ‘y1’
• ‘x2’
• ‘y2’
• ‘gradientTransform’
• ‘gradientUnits’
• ‘spreadMethod’

Value

URL [URL]

initial value

empty

Animatable

yes

14.3.2.2. Notes on linear gradients

If ‘x1’ = ‘x2’ and ‘y1’ = ‘y2’, then the area to be painted will be painted as a single color using the color and opacity of the last gradient stop.

Example lingrad01 shows how to fill a rectangle by referencing a linear gradient paint server.

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
     version="1.1"
     viewBox="0 0 300 200" >

  <title>Example lingrag01</title>
  <desc>Fill a rectangle using a linear-gradient paint server.</desc>

  <defs>
    <linearGradient id="MyGradient">
      <stop offset="5%" stop-color="#A8F" />
      <stop offset="95%" stop-color="#FDC" />
    </linearGradient>
  </defs>

  <!-- The rectangle is filled using a linear-gradient paint server -->
  <rect fill="url(#MyGradient)"
	stroke="black"
	stroke-width="2"
	x="25" y="25" width="250" height="150"/>
</svg>

Example lingrad01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

14.3.3. Radial gradients

Radial gradients are defined by a ‘radialGradient’ element.

‘radialGradient’

Categories:

Gradient element, never-rendered element, paint server element

Content model:

Any number of the following elements, in any order:

• descriptive elements — ‘desc’, ‘title’, ‘metadata’

animate, animateTransform, script, set, stop, style

Attributes:

• core attributes — ‘id’, ‘tabindex’, ‘lang’, ‘xml:space’
• global event attributes — ‘oncancel’, ‘oncanplay’, ‘oncanplaythrough’, ‘onchange’, ‘onclick’, ‘onclose’, ‘oncuechange’, ‘ondblclick’, ‘ondrag’, ‘ondragend’, ‘ondragenter’, ‘ondragexit’, ‘ondragleave’, ‘ondragover’, ‘ondragstart’, ‘ondrop’, ‘ondurationchange’, ‘onemptied’, ‘onended’, ‘onerror’, ‘onfocus’, ‘oninput’, ‘oninvalid’, ‘onkeydown’, ‘onkeypress’, ‘onkeyup’, ‘onload’, ‘onloadeddata’, ‘onloadedmetadata’, ‘onloadstart’, ‘onmousedown’, ‘onmouseenter’, ‘onmouseleave’, ‘onmousemove’, ‘onmouseout’, ‘onmouseover’, ‘onmouseup’, ‘onmousewheel’, ‘onpause’, ‘onplay’, ‘onplaying’, ‘onprogress’, ‘onratechange’, ‘onreset’, ‘onresize’, ‘onscroll’, ‘onseeked’, ‘onseeking’, ‘onselect’, ‘onshow’, ‘onstalled’, ‘onsubmit’, ‘onsuspend’, ‘ontimeupdate’, ‘ontoggle’, ‘onvolumechange’, ‘onwaiting’
• document element event attributes — ‘oncopy’, ‘oncut’, ‘onpaste’
• presentation attributes —
• style attributes — ‘class’, ‘style’
• deprecated xlink attributes — ‘xlink:href’, ‘xlink:title’
• ‘cx’
• ‘cy’
• ‘r’
• ‘fx’
• ‘fy’
• ‘fr’
• ‘gradientUnits’
• ‘gradientTransform’
• ‘spreadMethod’
• ‘href’

DOM Interfaces:

• SVGRadialGradientElement

14.3.3.1. Attributes

Note that the ‘cx’,‘cy’, and ‘r’ attributes on a ‘radialGradient’ are not presentation attributes; the used value is not affected by CSS styles. The ‘gradientTransform’ attribute is a presentation attribute for the transform property.

gradientUnits = "userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox"

Defines the coordinate system for attributes ‘cx’, ‘cy’, ‘r’, ‘fx’, ‘fy’, and ‘fr’.

initial value

objectBoundingBox

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse", ‘cx’, ‘cy’, ‘r’, ‘fx’, ‘fy’, and ‘fr’ represent values in the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the gradient element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the gradient element via a fill or stroke property) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘gradientTransform’. Percentages represent values relative to the current SVG viewport.

objectBoundingBox

If gradientUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for attributes ‘cx’, ‘cy’, ‘r’, ‘fx’, ‘fy’, and ‘fr’ is established using the bounding box of the element to which the gradient is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘gradientTransform’. Percentages represent values relative to the bounding box for the object.

When gradientUnits="objectBoundingBox" and ‘gradientTransform’ is the identity matrix, then the rings of the radial gradient are circular with respect to the object bounding box space (i.e., the abstract coordinate system where (0,0) is at the top/left of the object bounding box and (1,1) is at the bottom/right of the object bounding box). When the object's bounding box is not square, the rings that are conceptually circular within object bounding box space will render as elliptical due to application of the non-uniform scaling transformation from bounding box space to local coordinate system.

gradientTransform = "<transform-list>"

Contains the definition of an optional additional transformation from the gradient coordinate system onto the target coordinate system (i.e., 'userSpaceOnUse' or 'objectBoundingBox'). This allows for things such as skewing the gradient. This additional transformation matrix is post-multiplied to (i.e., inserted to the right of) any previously defined transformations, including the implicit transformation necessary to convert from object bounding box units to local coordinate system.

initial value

identity transform

Animatable

yes

cx = "<length>"

‘cx’, ‘cy’ and ‘r’ define the end circle for the radial gradient. The gradient will be drawn such that the 100% gradient stop is mapped to the perimeter of this end circle.

initial value

50%

Animatable

yes

cy = "<length>"

See ‘cx’.

initial value

50%

Animatable

yes

r = "<length>"

See ‘cx’.

A negative value is an error (see Error processing).

initial value

50%

Animatable

yes

fx = "<length>"

‘fx’, ‘fy’, and ‘fr’ define the start circle for the radial gradient. The gradient will be drawn such that the 0% gradient stop is mapped to the perimeter of this start circle.

initial value

see below

Animatable

yes

If attribute ‘fx’ is not specified, ‘fx’ will coincide with the presentational value of ‘cx’ for the element whether the value for 'cx' was inherited or not. If the element references an element that specifies a value for 'fx', then the value of 'fx' is inherited from the referenced element.

This diagram shows how the geometric attributes are defined for the case where ‘fr’ is 50% of ‘r’. The small circle marks the center of the outermost circle (‘cx’,‘cy’), while the cross marks the center of the innermost circle (‘fx’,‘fy’). The dashed lines show two gradient vectors. Vectors connect corresponding points on the inner and outer most circles. The region outside the outer circle is painted with the last stop-color while the region inside the inner circle is painted with the first stop-color.

fy = "<length>"

See ‘fx’.

initial value

see below

Animatable

yes

If attribute ‘fy’ is not specified, ‘fy’ will coincide with the presentational value of ‘cy’ for the element whether the value for 'cy' was inherited or not. If the element references an element that specifies a value for 'fy', then the value of 'fy' is inherited from the referenced element.

fr = "<length>"

New in SVG 2. Added to align with Canvas.

‘fr’ is the radius of the focal circle. See ‘fx’.

A negative value is an error (see Error processing).

initial value

0%, see below

Animatable

yes

If the attribute is not specified, the effect is as if a value of '0%' were specified. If the element references an element that specifies a value for 'fr', then the value of 'fr' is inherited from the referenced element.

SVG 2 Requirement:	Allow specifying focal circle radius in radial gradients.
Resolution:	Add an ‘fr’ attribute to ‘radialGradient’> for SVG 2.
Purpose:	To align with Canvas. The zero-offset stop would be along the circle defined by the ‘fx’, ‘fy’ and ‘fr’ attributes.
Owner:	Erik (ACTION-3098)

spreadMethod = "pad | reflect | repeat"

Indicates what happens if the gradient starts or ends inside the bounds of the object(s) being painted by the gradient. Has the same values and meanings as the ‘spreadMethod’ attribute on ‘linearGradient’ element.

initial value

pad

Animatable

yes

href = [URL]

A URL reference to a template gradient element; to be valid, the reference must be to a ‘linearGradient’ element or a different ‘radialGradient’ element.

Refer to the process for using paint servers as templates, and to the common handling defined for URL reference attributes and deprecated XLink attributes.

The specified attributes that will be copied from the template are:

• ‘cx’
• ‘cy’
• ‘r’
• ‘fx’
• ‘fy’
• ‘fr’
• ‘gradientTransform’
• ‘gradientUnits’
• ‘spreadMethod’

Refer to the common handling defined for URL reference attributes and deprecated XLink attributes.

initial value

empty

Animatable

yes

SVG 2 Requirement:	Clarify radial gradients with focal point on the circle.
Resolution:	When the focal point is on the circle edge, with repeat, then the distance between the first and last stop for the repeating colors is 0 and the paint should generate a color that is the average of all the gradient stops.
Purpose:	To improve interoperability of radial gradients.
Owner:	Erik (ACTION-3097)
Note:	SVG 1.1 does not define what to do when the focal point is on the circle edge, with 'repeat'. The distance between the first and last stop for the repeating colors is 0. It was resolved that the paint should generate a color that is the weighted average (by offset) of all the gradient stops.

14.3.3.2. Notes on radial gradients

Changed in SVG 2. SVG 1.1 required that the focal point, if outside the end circle, be moved to be on the end circle. The change was made to align with Canvas.

Allowing the focal point to lie outside the end circle was resolved at the Rigi Kaltbad working group meeting.

If the start circle defined by ‘fx’, ‘fy’ and ‘fr’ lies outside the end circle defined by ‘cx’, ‘cy’, and ‘r’, effectively a cone is created, touched by the two circles. Areas outside the cone stay untouched by the gradient (transparent black).

If the start circle fully overlaps with the end circle, no gradient is drawn. The area stays untouched (transparent black).

A radial gradient with the focal (start) circle outside the end circle. The focal circle is the smaller circle on the right. The gradient has spreadMethod="reflect".

Two radial gradients with spreadMethod="repeat". On the left, the focal point is just inside the right side of the circle defined by by ‘cx’, ‘cy’, and ‘r’. On the right, the focal point is on the circle. In this case, the area painted to the right of the circumference has a fill equal to the weighted average of the colors in the gradient vector.

The treatment of the area to the right of the gradient in the right-hand side of the above figure is different from that of Canvas where the area would be transparent black. The difference is to maintain compatibility with SVG 1.1.

The color space for the weighted average is the same as in which the gradient is interpolated. See Rigi Kaltbad working group meeting.

Example radgrad01 shows how to fill a rectangle by referencing a radial gradient paint server.

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
     viewBox="0 0 300 200" >
  <title>Example radgrad01</title>
  <desc>Fill a rectangle by referencing a radial gradient paint server.</desc>

  <defs>
    <radialGradient id="MyGradient"
		    gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
		    cx="150" cy="100"
		    r="100">
      <stop offset="0%"   stop-color="#A8F" />
      <stop offset="50%"  stop-color="#FDC" />
      <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#A8F" />
    </radialGradient>
  </defs>

  <!-- The rectangle is filled using a radial gradient paint server -->
  <rect fill="url(#MyGradient)"
	stroke="black"
	stroke-width="2"
	x="25" y="25" width="250" height="150"/>
</svg>

Example radgrad01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

14.3.4. Mesh gradients

Mesh gradients are defined by a ‘meshgradient’ element.

New in SVG 2. Added to allow complex shadings. This is needed, for example, in creating life-like drawings or in interpolating data points on a two-dimensional grid.

The mesh gradients in SVG are based on an array of Coons Patches. A Coons Patch is a shading defined by colors place at the corners of an area enclosed by four Bézier curves. The interpolation of the corner colors into the patch can either be bilinear or bicubic.

A single Coons-Mesh patch.

A Coons Patch is equivalent to a bi-cubic Ferguson patch where the distance between a cubic Bézier end point and its nearest control point is one-third the length of the corresponding Ferguson tangent line.

14.3.4.1. Mesh Structure

A mesh gradient consists of patches placed in an array. There are two reasons for using an array. The first is that an array of meshes is a natural result for most content creation processes (start with a path and then subdivide its area into rows and columns of patches). The second is that the data can be compacted by sharing sides and corners. The array structure is conceptual only. The actual mesh can be distorted in any way possible. The mesh gradient syntax is designed so that it is easy to simulate other types of gradients such as conical gradients or triangle meshes as shown in the examples below.

The structure of a mesh gradient:

<mesh x="100" y="100">
  <meshrow>
    <meshpatch>
      <stop .../>
        Up to four stops in first patch. See details below.
    </meshpatch>
    <meshpatch>
      Any number of meshpatches in row.
    </meshpatch>
  </meshrow>
  <meshrow>
    Any number of meshrows, each with the same number of meshpatches as in the first row.
  </meshrow>
</mesh>

The first ‘meshpatch’ in the first ‘meshrow’ contains four ‘stop’ elements. These elements correspond conceptually, in order, to the top, right, bottom, and left edges of the first patch. The following patches in the first row contains three ‘stop’ elements, corresponding to the top, right, and bottom edges of the patch. The left edge of one of these patches is taken from the (reversed) right edge of the previous patch. The first patch of following rows contains three ‘stop’ elements, corresponding to the right, bottom, and left edges. The top edge is taken from the (reversed) bottom edge of the first patch in the row above. The remaining patches contain two ‘stop’ elements, corresponding to the right and bottom edges of the patch. The top edge is taken from the patch directly above in the array of patches while the left edge is taken from the previous patch in the same row.

Each ‘stop’ element contains a ‘path’ attribute which consists of a single 'c', 'C', 'l', or 'L' path command. The initial point for the path command is taken from the last point of the previous edge of the patch (which for the first ‘stop’ in a patch is defined in the patch to the left or top), except for the first patch in the first row where the initial point is given by the ‘x’ and ‘y’ attributes in the ‘meshgradient’ element. The path command in the last ‘stop’ element of a ‘meshpatch’ has one less point than normal as this "missing" point necessary to close the path is already defined.

For each ‘stop’ element there is a color and opacity that correspond to the patch corner at the initial point of the stop's edge. This color and opacity are defined inside the ‘stop’ by the stop-color and stop-opacity properties except for the first stop in all patches other than the first patch in the first row where the stop color and opacity are already defined by a previous patch.

Here is an annotated example of a two by two mesh gradient:

<meshgradient x="50" y="50" id="example"> <!-- x, y used for initial point in first patch. -->
  <meshrow> <!-- No attributes, used only to define begin/end of row. -->
	<meshpatch>
	  <stop path="c  25,-25  75, 25  100,0" stop-color="lightblue" />
	  <stop path="c  25, 25 -25, 75  0,100" stop-color="purple" />
	  <stop path="c -25, 25 -75,-25 -100,0" stop-color="red" />
	  <stop path="c -25,-25, 25,-75"        stop-color="purple" /> <!-- Last point not needed (closed path). -->
	</meshpatch>
	<meshpatch>
	  <stop path="c  25,-25  75, 25  100,0" /> <!-- stop-color from previous patch. -->
	  <stop path="c  25, 25 -25, 75  0,100" stop-color="lightblue" />
	  <stop path="c -25, 25 -75,-25"        stop-color="purple" /> <!-- Last point not needed (closed path). -->
	  <!-- Last path (left side) taken from right side of previous path (with points reversed). -->
	</meshpatch>
  </meshrow>
  <meshrow> <!-- New row. -->
	<meshpatch>
	  <!-- First path (top side) taken from bottom path of patch above. -->
	  <stop path="c  25, 25 -25, 75  0,100" /> <!-- stop-color from patch above. -->
	  <stop path="c -25, 25 -75,-25 -100,0" stop-color="purple" />
	  <stop path="c -25,-25, 25,-75"        stop-color="lightblue" /> <!-- Last point not needed (closed path). -->
	</meshpatch>
	<meshpatch>
	  <!-- First path (top side) taken from bottom path of patch above (with points reversed). -->
	  <stop path="c  25, 25 -25, 75  0,100" /> <!-- stop-color from patch above. -->
	  <stop path="c -25, 25 -75,-25"        stop-color="lightblue" /> <!-- Last point not needed (closed path). -->
	  <!-- Last path (left side) taken from right side of previous path (with points reversed). -->
	</meshpatch>
  </meshrow>
</meshgradient>
  

The above mesh gradient is rendered as:

The rendering for the above two by two mesh example. The overlaid paths show the order in which the patch edges are defined.

Coons patch meshes can simulate other types of gradients. Here is an example of a conic gradient:

The rendering for a one row, four patch mesh that simulates a conic gradient. The bottom edge of each patch is of zero length.

14.3.4.2. Painting a Mesh Patch

The corner colors are mapped to the patch area with a two step process. First the colors are placed at the corners of a unit square and the area inside the square is then colored using either bilinear interpolation or bicubic interpolation. Second, the points inside the square are mapped to points inside the patch using the following formula:

    $S = S_C + S_D - S_B$
  

where

    $$
    \begin{align}
    S_C(u,v) &= (1-v)×C_1(u) + v×C_2(u),\\
    S_D(u,v) &= (1-u)×D_1(v) + u×D_2(v),\\
    S_B(u,v) &= (1-v)×[(1-u)×C_1(0) + u×C_1(1)]\\
    &\qquad {}+  v×[(1-u)×C_2(0) + u×C_2(1)].
    \end{align}
    $$
  

$C_1$, $C_2$, $D_1$, and $D_2$ are the curves at the top, bottom, left, and right of the patch, respectively; $u$ and $v$ are the coordinates inside the unit square. The subtraction term ensures that the boundary conditions are met.

Come up with better explanation of the mapping with diagram.

Bilinear interpolation of the corner colors depends only on the values of the corner colors. The color profile along two opposite edges is first computed and then corresponding points along those edges are interpolated to fill in the interior. The color profile across a patch boundary may not be smooth, leading to an optical phenomena known as Mach banding.

Bicubic interpolation requires knowing not only the value of the corner colors but also their derivatives. The derivatives are chosen to ensure a smooth transition across patch boundaries and that there are no color value minima or maxima in the patch interior (i.e. a monotone cubic interpolation). Only the derivatives in x and y (where the x and y are the directions along the rows and columns of the conceptual mesh grid) are used (the cross derivatives are set to zero).

To calculate the derivatives: Let $c_k$ be the color value at the point $p_k$, where $k=0,\; ...\; ,n$.

1. First compute the secant lines:
   ${\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_k=\frac{c_{k+1}-<!--\; -\; -->c_k}{\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->p_{k+1}-<!--\; -\; -->p_k\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->}$

   	\Delta_k = {{c_{k+1}-c_k}\over{\lvert p_{k+1}-p_k\rvert}}
         

   If $p_k=p_{k+1}$, set ${\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_k=0$.
2. The provisional derivative at $p_k$ is then
   ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_k=\frac{{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_{k-<!--\; -\; -->1}+{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_k}{2}$

   	$ \delta_k = {\Delta_{k-1} + \Delta_k\over 2}  $
         

   for $k=1,\; ...\; ,n-<!--\; -\; -->1$. The derivatives for $k=0$ and $k=n$ are calculated later (see below).
3. If ${\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_{k-<!--\; -\; -->1}$ and ${\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_k$ are of opposite sign then set ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_k=0$. (This is a local minima or maxima.) Skip the remaining steps.
4. If $\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->{\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_k\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->>\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->3\times <!--\; \times \; -->{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_{k-<!--\; -\; -->1}\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->$ then set ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_k=3\times <!--\; \times \; -->{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_{k-<!--\; -\; -->1}$. This step and the following step ensure that the interpolation is monotonic.
5. If $\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->{\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_k\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->>\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->3\times <!--\; \times \; -->{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_k\mid <!--\; \mid \; -->$ then set ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_k=3\times <!--\; \times \; -->{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_k$.
6. Find the end point derivatives: If $n>2$ then:
   ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_0=2\times <!--\; \times \; -->{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_0-<!--\; -\; -->{\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_1$

   	$ \delta_1 = 2\times\Delta_1 - \delta_2  $
         

   ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_n=2\times <!--\; \times \; -->{\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_{n-<!--\; -\; -->1}-<!--\; -\; -->{\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_{n-<!--\; -\; -->1}$

   	$ \delta_n = 2\times\Delta_{n-1} - \delta_{n-1}  $
         

   else ${\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_1={\mathrm{\delta <!--\; \delta \; -->}}_n={\mathrm{\Delta <!--\; \Delta \; -->}}_0$.

The typical method for dealing with the start or end of a bicubic interpolation is to add an extra point before and an extra point after the given points. The value of the point before (after) is assigned either the value of the first (last) point or a value so that the secant before (after) is the same as the secant after (before) the first (last) point. The method described here does not rely on the addition of points but instead fits a quadratic curve to the color values and the already determined derivative at the other edge of the patch. This produces an interpolation that does not have an inflection point inside the patch.

Bicubic interpolation will produce smooth patch boundaries when a mesh is laid out on a rectangular grid and where the patch edges are linear. If the grid is distorted or the patch edges are not lines (i.e. they are Bézier curves), it is still possible to produce non-smooth transitions across patch boundaries.

Mesh gradients are defined by a ‘meshgradient’ element.

Note that in case-sensitive contexts (XML parsing and scripting), the name of the element is all lowercase, unlike the older elements ‘linearGradient’ and ‘radialGradient’.

The capitalization of ‘meshgradient’ posed a conflict of priorities. While inconsistency with the older elements is unfortunate, mixed-case names require special treatment in HTML contexts. Feedback from implementers and authors on the practicality of mixed-case versus all-lowercase names is welcomed during the implementation period.

14.3.4.3. Attributes

Note that the ‘x’ and ‘y’ attributes on a ‘meshgradient’ are not presentation attributes; the used value is not affected by CSS styles. The ‘transform’ attribute is a presentation attribute.

gradientUnits

Defines the coordinate system for attributes ‘x’ and ‘y’.

Value

userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox

initial value

objectBoundingBox

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse", ‘x’ and ‘y’ represent values in the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the gradient element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the gradient element via a fill or stroke property) or when the mesh is rendered on its own (i.e. not as a paint server) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘transform’. Percentages represent values relative to the current SVG viewport.

objectBoundingBox

Path data to be interpreted as fraction of bounding box (between 0 and 1) agreed to during the 16 July 2015 Weekly Teleconference.

If gradientUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for attributes ‘x’ and ‘y’, and for mesh path data is established using the bounding box of the element to which the gradient is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘transform’. For the ‘x’ and ‘y’ attributes, percentages represent values relative to the bounding box for the object. For mesh path data, coordinates represent fractions of the bounding box.

When a mesh is rendered on its own (i.e., not as a paint server) the current SVG viewport is used in place of the bounding box.

transform

Contains the definition of an optional additional transformation from the mesh coordinate system onto the target coordinate system (i.e., 'userSpaceOnUse'). This allows for things such as skewing the gradient. This additional transformation matrix is post-multiplied to (i.e., inserted to the right of) any previously defined transformations.

Value

<transform-list>

initial value

identity transform

Animatable

yes

x

‘x’ and ‘y’ define the starting point of the mesh grid.

Value

<length>

initial value

0%

Animatable

yes

y

See ‘x’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0%

Animatable

yes

href

A URL reference to a template element, which must be a different ‘meshgradient’ element to be valid.

Refer to the process for using paint servers as templates, and to the common handling defined for URL reference attributes and deprecated XLink attributes.

The specified attributes that will be copied from the template are:

• ‘x’
• ‘y’
• ‘transform’
• ‘gradientUnits’
• ‘type’

Value

URL [URL]

initial value

empty

Animatable

yes

type

Determines the type of interpolation to use when painting a patch.

Value

bilinear | bicubic

initial value

bilinear

Animatable

no

Mesh rows are defined by a ‘meshrow’ element.

Mesh patches are defined by a ‘meshpatch’ element.

14.3.5. Gradient stops

The vector (linear and radial gradients) or array (mesh gradients) of colors to use in a gradient is defined by the ‘stop’ elements that are child elements to a ‘linearGradient’, ‘radialGradient’, or ‘meshpatch’ element.

In SVG 1.1, the above read: "The ramp of colors..." but "ramp" is used nowhere else in this section.

14.3.5.1. Attributes

offset

Indicates were the gradient stop is placed. For linear gradients, the ‘offset’ attribute represents a location along the gradient vector. For radial gradients, it represents a fractional distance from the edge of the innermost/smallest circle to the edge of the outermost/largest circle. This attribute does not apply to mesh gradients.

Value

<number> | <percentage>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

<number>

A number usually ranging from 0 to 1.

<percentage>

A percentage usually ranging from 0% to 100%.

path

Gives the path for one side of a mesh gradient patch. This attribute applies only to mesh gradients.

Value

mesh path data

initial value

see notes below

Animatable

yes

Mesh path data consists of a single 'l', 'L', 'c', or 'C' path command (as defined for the d property). See the ‘mesh’ section above for how the path data is interpreted.

14.3.5.2. Properties

‘stop-color’

The stop-color property indicates what color to use at that gradient stop. The keyword currentColor and ICC colors can be specified in the same manner as within a <paint> specification for the fill and stroke properties.

With respect to gradients, SVG treats the 'transparent' keyword differently than CSS. SVG does not calculate gradients in pre-multiplied space, so 'transparent' really means transparent black. Specifying a stop-color with the value 'transparent' is equivalent to specifying a stop-color with the value 'black' and a stop-opacity with the value '0'.

Value

currentColor | <color> <icccolor>

Initial

black

Applies to

‘stop’ elements

Inherited

no

Percentages

N/A

Media

visual

Animatable

yes

‘stop-opacity’

The stop-opacity property defines the opacity of a given gradient stop. The opacity value used for the gradient calculation is the product of the value of stop-opacity and the opacity of the value of stop-color. For stop-color value types of that don't include explicit opacity information, the opacity of that component must be treated as 1.

Value

<number> | <percentage>

Initial

1

Applies to

‘stop’ elements

Inherited

no

Percentages

N/A

Media

visual

Animatable

yes

<number>

The opacity of the stop-color. Any values outside the range 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque) must be clamped to this range.

<percentage>

The opacity of the stop-color expressed as a percentage of the range 0 to 1.

14.3.5.3. Notes on gradient stops

• Gradient offset values less than 0 (or less than 0%) are rounded up to 0%. Gradient offset values greater than 1 (or greater than 100%) are rounded down to 100%.
• It is necessary that at least two stops defined to have a gradient effect. If no stops are defined, then painting shall occur as if 'none' were specified as the paint style. If one stop is defined, then paint with the solid color fill using the color defined for that gradient stop.
• Each gradient offset value is required to be equal to or greater than the previous gradient stop's offset value. If a given gradient stop's offset value is not equal to or greater than all previous offset values, then the offset value is adjusted to be equal to the largest of all previous offset values.

• If two gradient stops have the same offset value, then the latter gradient stop controls the color value at the overlap point. In particular:

  <stop offset="0" stop-color="white"/>
  <stop offset=".2" stop-color="red"/>
  <stop offset=".2" stop-color="blue"/>
  <stop offset="1" stop-color="black"/>
  

  will have approximately the same effect as:

  <stop offset="0" stop-color="white"/>
  <stop offset=".1999999999" stop-color="red"/>
  <stop offset=".2" stop-color="blue"/>
  <stop offset="1" stop-color="black"/>
  

  which is a gradient that goes smoothly from white to red, then abruptly shifts from red to blue, and then goes smoothly from blue to black.

14.4. Patterns

A pattern is used to fill or stroke an object using a pre-defined graphic object which can be replicated ("tiled") at fixed intervals in x and y to cover the areas to be painted. Patterns are defined using a ‘pattern’ element and then referenced by properties fill and stroke on a given graphics element to indicate that the given element shall be filled or stroked with the pattern.

Attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’, ‘height’ and ‘patternUnits’ define a reference rectangle somewhere on the infinite canvas. The reference rectangle has its top/left at (x, y) and its bottom/right at (x + width, y + height). The tiling theoretically extends a series of such rectangles to infinity in X and Y (positive and negative), with rectangles starting at (x + m*width, y + n* height) for each possible integer value for m and n.

14.4.1. Attributes

Note that the ‘x’,‘y’, ‘width’ and ‘height’ attributes on a ‘pattern’ are not presentation attributes; the used value is not affected by CSS styles. The ‘patternTransform’ attribute is a presentation attribute for the transform property.

patternUnits

Defines the coordinate system for attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’ and ‘height’.

Value

userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox

initial value

objectBoundingBox

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse", ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’ and ‘height’ represent values in the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the ‘pattern’ element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the ‘pattern’ element via a fill or stroke property) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘patternTransform’. Percentages represent values relative to the current SVG viewport.

objectBoundingBox

If patternUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’ and ‘height’ is established using the bounding box of the element to which the pattern is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘patternTransform’. Percentages represent values relative to the bounding box for the object.

patternContentUnits

Defines the coordinate system for the contents of the ‘pattern’. Note that this attribute has no effect if attribute ‘viewBox’ is specified.

Value

userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox

initial value

userSpaceOnUse

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If patternContentUnits="userSpaceOnUse", the user coordinate system for the contents of the ‘pattern’ element is the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the ‘pattern’ element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the ‘pattern’ element via a fill or stroke property) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘patternTransform’.

objectBoundingBox

If patternContentUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for the contents of the ‘pattern’ element is established using the bounding box of the element to which the pattern is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘patternTransform’.

patternTransform

Contains the definition of an optional additional transformation from the pattern coordinate system onto the target coordinate system (i.e., 'userSpaceOnUse' or 'objectBoundingBox'). This allows for things such as skewing the pattern tiles. This additional transformation matrix is post-multiplied to (i.e., inserted to the right of) any previously defined transformations, including the implicit transformation necessary to convert from object bounding box units to local coordinate system.

Value

<transform-list>

initial value

identity transform

Animatable

yes

x

‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’ and ‘height’ indicate how the pattern tiles are placed and spaced. These attributes represent coordinates and values in the coordinate space specified by the combination of attributes ‘patternUnits’ and ‘patternTransform’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

y

See ‘x’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

width

See ‘x’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

A negative value is an error (see Error processing). A value of zero disables rendering of the element (i.e., no paint is applied).

height

See ‘x’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

A negative value is an error (see Error processing). A value of zero disables rendering of the element (i.e., no paint is applied).

href

A URL reference to a template element, which must be a different ‘pattern’ element to be valid.

Refer to the process for using paint servers as templates, and to the common handling defined for URL reference attributes and deprecated XLink attributes.

The specified attributes that will be copied from the template are:

• ‘x’
• ‘y’
• ‘width’
• ‘height’
• ‘viewBox’
• ‘preserveAspectRatio’
• ‘patternTransform’
• ‘patternUnits’
• ‘patternContentUnits’

Value

URL [URL]

initial value

empty

Animatable

yes

14.4.2. Notes on patterns

SVG's user agent style sheet sets the overflow property for ‘pattern’ elements to hidden, which causes a rectangular clipping path to be created at the bounds of the pattern tile. Unless the overflow property is overridden, any graphics within the pattern which goes outside of the pattern rectangle will be clipped. Example pattern01 below shows the effect of clipping to the pattern tile.

Note that if the overflow property is set to to visible the rendering behavior for the pattern outside the bounds of the pattern is currently undefined. A future version of SVG may require the overflow to be shown. SVG implementers are encouraged to render the overflow as this is the behavior expected by authors. If overflow is rendered, the pattern tiles should be rendered left to right in rows and the rows from top to bottom.

See GitHub Issue 129

The contents of the ‘pattern’ are relative to a new coordinate system. If there is a ‘viewBox’ attribute, then the new coordinate system is fitted into the region defined by the ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’, ‘height’ and ‘patternUnits’ attributes on the ‘pattern’ element using the standard rules for ‘viewBox’ and ‘preserveAspectRatio’. If there is no ‘viewBox’ attribute, then the new coordinate system has its origin at (x, y), where x is established by the ‘x’ attribute on the ‘pattern’ element, and y is established by the ‘y’ attribute on the ‘pattern’ element. Thus, in the following example:

<pattern x="10" y="10" width="20" height="20">
  <rect x="5" y="5" width="10" height="10"/>
</pattern>

the rectangle has its top/left located 5 units to the right and 5 units down from the origin of the pattern tile.

The ‘viewBox’ attribute introduces a supplemental transformation which is applied on top of any transformations necessary to create a new pattern coordinate system due to attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘width’, ‘height’ and ‘patternUnits’.

Event attributes and event listeners attached to the contents of a ‘pattern’ element are not processed; only the rendering aspects of ‘pattern’ elements are processed.

Example pattern01 shows how to fill a rectangle by referencing a pattern paint server. Note how the blue stroke of each triangle has been slightly clipped at the top and the left. This is due to SVG's user agent style sheet setting the overflow property for ‘pattern’ elements to hidden, which causes the pattern to be clipped to the bounds of the pattern tile.

<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
     version="1.1"
     viewBox="0 0 300 200" >

  <title>Example pattern01</title>
  <desc>Fill an ellipse using a pattern paint server.</desc>

  <defs>
    <pattern id="TrianglePattern"
	     patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"
             x="0" y="0" width="50" height="50"
             viewBox="0 0 10 10" >
      <path d="M 0 0 L 7 0 L 3.5 7 z"
	    fill="plum"
	    stroke="blue" />
    </pattern> 
  </defs>

  <!-- The ellipse is filled using a triangle pattern paint server -->
  <ellipse fill="url(#TrianglePattern)"
	   stroke="black"
	   stroke-width="2"
           cx="150" cy="100" rx="125" ry="75" />
</svg>

Example pattern01

View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)

14.5. Hatches

Hatches are new in SVG 2. They were added to allow the kinds of patterns required for mapping, engraving, etc. where continuous lines are needed.

A hatch is used to fill or stroke an object using one or more pre-defined paths that are repeated at fixed intervals in a specified direction to cover the areas to be painted. Hatches are defined using a ‘hatch’ element and then referenced by properties fill and stroke on a given graphics element to indicate that the given element shall be filled or stroked with the hatch. Paths are defined by ‘hatchpath’ elements.

Attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘pitch’, ‘rotate’, and ‘hatchUnits’ define an infinitely long reference strip on the infinite canvas. The strip has one edge at (x, y) and its other edge at a distance of pitch in the direction defined by rotate. This one-dimension tiling theoretically extends a series of such strips in the direction of 'rotate' to infinity (positive and negative), with strips starting at (x + m*pitch*cos(rotate), y + m*pitch*sin(rotate) for each possible integer value of m.

Three adjacent strips separated by dashed lines showing their relationship to each other for a given pitch and rotate. The reference line determines the origin of ‘hatchpath’s.

14.5.1. Attributes

Note that the ‘x’ and ‘y’ attributes on a ‘hatch’ are not presentation attributes; the used value is not affected by CSS styles. The ‘transform’ attribute is a presentation attribute.

hatchUnits

Defines the coordinate system for attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘pitch’ and ‘rotate’.

Value

userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox

initial value

objectBoundingBox

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If hatchUnits="userSpaceOnUse", ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘pitch’, and ‘rotate’ represent values in the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the ‘hatch’ element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the ‘hatch’ element via a fill or stroke property) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘transform’. Percentages represent values relative to the current SVG viewport.

objectBoundingBox

If hatchUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for attributes ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘pitch’, and ‘rotate’ is established using the bounding box of the element to which the hatch is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘transform’. Percentages represent values relative to the bounding box for the object.

hatchContentUnits

Defines the coordinate system for the contents of the ‘hatch’.

Value

userSpaceOnUse | objectBoundingBox

initial value

userSpaceOnUse

Animatable

yes

userSpaceOnUse

If hatchContentUnits="userSpaceOnUse", the user coordinate system for the contents of the ‘hatch’ element is the coordinate system that results from taking the current user coordinate system in place at the time when the ‘hatch’ element is referenced (i.e., the user coordinate system for the element referencing the ‘hatch’ element via a fill or stroke property) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘transform’.

objectBoundingBox

If hatchContentUnits="objectBoundingBox", the user coordinate system for the contents of the ‘hatch’ element is established using the bounding box of the element to which the hatch is applied (see Object bounding box units) and then applying the transform specified by attribute ‘transform’.

transform

Contains the definition of an optional additional transformation from the hatch coordinate system onto the target coordinate system (i.e., 'userSpaceOnUse' or 'objectBoundingBox'). This allows for things such as skewing the hatch strips. This additional transformation matrix is post-multiplied to (i.e., inserted to the right of) any previously defined transformations, including the implicit transformation necessary to convert from object bounding box units to local coordinate system.

Value

<transform-list>

initial value

identity transform

Animatable

yes

x

‘x’, ‘y’, ‘pitch’ and ‘rotate’ indicate how the hatch strips are placed and spaced. These attributes represent coordinates and values in the coordinate space specified by the combination of attributes ‘hatchUnits’ and ‘transform’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

y

See ‘x’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

pitch

See ‘x’.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

A negative value is an error (see Error processing). A value of zero disables rendering of the element (i.e., no paint is applied).

rotate

See ‘x’.

Value

<angle>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

Changed name from 'angle' to 'rotate' at Tokyo F2F.

href

A URL reference to a template element, which must be a different ‘hatch’ element to be valid.

Refer to the process for using paint servers as templates, and to the common handling defined for URL reference attributes and deprecated XLink attributes.

The specified attributes that will be copied from the template are:

• ‘x’
• ‘y’
• ‘pitch’
• ‘rotate’
• ‘hatchUnits’
• ‘hatchContentUnits’
• ‘transform’

Value

URL [URL]

initial value

empty

Animatable

yes

14.5.2. Notes on hatches

SVG's user agent style sheet sets the overflow property for ‘hatch’ elements to hidden, which causes an infinite strip clipping path to be created at the bounds of the hatch strip. Unless the overflow property is overridden, any graphics within the hatch which goes outside of the hatch strip will be clipped. Note that if the overflow property is set to visible the area outside must be rendered (NB this is different from a ‘pattern’ element). Strips with higher x (larger m) values must be rendered after strips with lower x (lower m) values.

The contents of the ‘hatch’ are relative to a new coordinate system. The new coordinate system has its origin at (x, y), where x is established by the ‘x’ attribute on the ‘hatch’ element, and y is established by the ‘y’ attribute on the ‘hatch’ element. The coordinate system is rotated around the origin by the angle given by the ‘rotate’ attribute.

The viewBox and preserveAspectRatio attributes are not useful and have been removed (as compared to the pattern element).

Event listeners attached to the contents of a ‘hatch’ element are not processed; only the rendering aspects of ‘hatch’ elements are processed.

The following illustrates a very simple ‘hatch’ fill:

<hatch hatchUnits="userSpaceOnUse" pitch="5" rotate="135">
  <hatchpath stroke="#a080ff" stroke-width="2"/>
</hatch>

A hatch with a single ‘hatchpath’.

View this example as SVG (SVG 2-enabled browsers only)
 

14.5.3. Hatch paths

Hatch paths are defined by a ‘hatchpath’ element.

14.5.3.1. Attributes

d

Defines a single path in the ‘hatch’.

Note that the ‘d’ attribute is not a presentation attribute for the d property.

Value

Path data

initial value

An infinite line, see below

Animatable

yes

offset

Defines the point along the reference line where a path begins.

Value

<length>

initial value

0

Animatable

yes

14.5.3.2. Notes on hatch paths

Hatch paths are defined with the same Path data used in the ‘d’ property. The path is defined relative to the origin of each strip translated in the x direction by the ‘offset’ (the y direction is aligned along the infinite axis of the strip).

The coordinate system for path data relative to a strip.

If a ‘d’ attribute is not provided, the path defaults to an infinitely long line aligned with the y-axis of the reference strip and passing through a point ‘offset’ distance in the x direction from the strip origin (see above).

If a ‘d’ attribute is given, the hatch path is constructed by repeating the ‘d’ data, each time with an offset along the y-axis determined by the y value of the last path data point. (The offset must be positive, a negative or zero offset value results in the hatch path not being rendered.) A hatch path need not start with a "moveto" path instruction. If missing, the first path instruction uses for its current point a value of (x,0) where x is the x value of the last data point given in the path. If the first path command is not a "moveto" and the last not a "closepath", the last point of each repeating section is joined to the first point of the next repeating section with the current value of stroke-linejoin.

A hatch path can have any of the stroke style properties applied to it, however only solid color paint servers are allowed for the stroke property.

Limiting 'stroke' to solid paint servers was resolved at the Tokyo F2F.

<hatch  hatchUnits="userSpaceOnUse" pitch="6" overflow="visible">
    <hatchpath stroke-width="1" d="C 0,4 8,6 8,10 8,14 0,16 0,20"/>
</hatch>

A hatch fill with a continuous squiggly ‘hatchpath’.

View this example as SVG (SVG 2-enabled browsers only)
 

<hatch  hatchUnits="userSpaceOnUse" pitch="20">
    <hatchpath stroke="#a080ff" stroke-width="2" d="L 0,0 10,50"/>
</hatch>

A hatch fill with a zigzag ‘hatchpath’. The ‘d’ path data describes two line segments, the first starting at (10, 0). The repeating sections are joined.

View this example as SVG (SVG 2-enabled browsers only)
 

<hatch  hatchUnits="userSpaceOnUse" pitch="20">
    <hatchpath stroke="#a080ff" stroke-width="2" d="M 0,0 10,50"/>
</hatch>

A hatch fill with diagonal line segments. The repeating sections are not joined.

View this example as SVG (SVG 2-enabled browsers only)
 

<hatch  hatchUnits="userSpaceOnUse" pitch="20">
    <hatchpath stroke="#a080ff" stroke-width="2"/>
    <hatchpath stroke="#a080ff" stroke-width="2" offset="5" stroke-dasharray="10 4 2 4"/>
</hatch>

A hatch fill with two ‘hatchpath’s, one dashed.

View this example as SVG (SVG 2-enabled browsers only)
 

14.6. DOM interfaces

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGSolidcolorElement : SVGElement {
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGGradientElement : SVGElement {

  // Spread Method Types
  const unsigned short SVG_SPREADMETHOD_UNKNOWN = 0;
  const unsigned short SVG_SPREADMETHOD_PAD = 1;
  const unsigned short SVG_SPREADMETHOD_REFLECT = 2;
  const unsigned short SVG_SPREADMETHOD_REPEAT = 3;

  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedEnumeration gradientUnits;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedTransformList gradientTransform;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedEnumeration spreadMethod;
};

SVGGradientElement includes SVGURIReference;

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGLinearGradientElement : SVGGradientElement {
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength x1;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength y1;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength x2;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength y2;
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGRadialGradientElement : SVGGradientElement {
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength cx;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength cy;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength r;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength fx;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength fy;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength fr;
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGMeshGradientElement : SVGGradientElement {
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGMeshrowElement : SVGElement {
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGMeshpatchElement : SVGElement {
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGStopElement : SVGElement {
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedNumber offset;
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGPatternElement : SVGElement {
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedEnumeration patternUnits;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedEnumeration patternContentUnits;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedTransformList patternTransform;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength x;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength y;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength width;
  [SameObject] readonly attribute SVGAnimatedLength height;
};

SVGPatternElement includes SVGFitToViewBox;
SVGPatternElement includes SVGURIReference;

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGHatchElement : SVGElement {
};

[Exposed=Window]
interface SVGHatchpathElement : SVGElement {
};